Knowledge Base

Errors

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MySQL 3229

This error occurs when attempting to group by a timestamp column in a Daylight Savings Time zone.

MySQL 3230

This error indicates that MySQL cannot start a server using a named pipe. It is a MySQL 3230 error code.

MySQL 3228

This error indicates that MySQL cannot open the error log file. It is usually caused by incorrect permissions or a missing file.

MySQL 3227

This error occurs when attempting to use replication filters with XA transactions. It indicates that replication filters are not supported for XA transactions.

MySQL 3226

This error warns that the MAXDB SQL mode for TIMESTAMP is deprecated and should not be used.

MySQL 3225

This error occurs when an invalid character is used in the host name for the MySQL audit log. MySQL 3225 indicates that the host name contains an invalid character.

MySQL 3224

This error occurs when a user name contains an invalid character in the MySQL audit log. MySQL 3224 indicates that the user name contains an invalid character.

MySQL 3223

This error indicates that the first character of a user name used in an audit log must be alphanumeric. It is a MySQL 3223 error code.

MySQL 3222

This error indicates that the specified JSON filter does not exist in the audit log. It is thrown when an attempt is made to access a filter that does not exist.

MySQL 3221

This error indicates that the user name field in the audit log JSON cannot be empty. It is a MySQL 3221 error.

MySQL 3220

This error occurs when a JSON filter name is not provided for the MySQL 3220 audit log. It indicates that the filter name cannot be empty.

MySQL 3216

This error indicates that the MySQL audit log plugin has not been installed. It is a warning that the audit log feature is not available and that the user should install the plugin to enable it.

MySQL 3130

This error indicates that the command used is not supported by the MySQL 3130 pluggable protocol.

MySQL 3129

This error warns against modifying a table that has been executed with a Global Transaction Identifier (GTID). It is a reminder to take caution when making changes to a table that has been used in a GTID transaction.

MySQL 3128

This error occurs when a hint name is not recognized in a query. It indicates that the hint name is not valid and must be corrected before the query can be executed.

MySQL 3127

This error occurs when a query block name is not recognized by MySQL. It is a warning that the query block name is not valid and should be corrected.

MySQL 3126

This error indicates a conflict between two hints used in a query. It warns that the hints may produce unexpected results.

MySQL 3125

This error warns that the maximum execution time set is not supported and may cause unexpected behavior.

MySQL 3124

This error warns of a bad max execution time value, indicating that the value is too low and may cause performance issues.

MySQL 3123

This error indicates a syntax error in an optimizer hint. It is triggered when an optimizer hint is used in an incorrect format.

MySQL 3119

This error occurs when an invalid tablespace name is used. It indicates that the name used is not valid for the given tablespace.

MySQL 3122

This error occurs when a Boost Geometry operation is performed on a geometry with inconsistent turns.

MySQL 3121

This error occurs when an incorrect file name is used in a MySQL statement. It is a part of the MySQL 3121 error code and indicates that the file name used is not valid.

MySQL 3120

This error indicates that a tablespace cannot be dropped because it is not empty. MySQL 3120 is an error code that is generated when a user attempts to drop a tablespace that contains data.

MySQL 3030

This error indicates that a slave worker thread has stopped due to an error in the previous thread. It is a MySQL 3030 error code.

MySQL 3029

This error occurs when an ORDER BY clause is used in a query without an aggregate function. It indicates that the query cannot be executed as written.

MySQL 3028

This error occurs when an aggregate function is used in a UNION statement without an ORDER BY clause. It is a MySQL 3028 error code.

MySQL 3026

This error occurs when a duplicate entry is found in a list. It is a MySQL 3026 error code and the literal message is "Duplicate entry '%s' for key '%s'".

MySQL 3027

This error indicates that the SQL mode specified has no effect. It is a MySQL 3027 error code that is triggered when an attempt is made to set a SQL mode that is not supported.

MySQL 3025

This error occurs when a non-read-only SELECT statement is attempted while the timer is disabled. It is a MySQL 3025 error.

MySQL 3024

This error indicates that a query has exceeded the time limit set by the server and has been terminated. It is part of the MySQL 3024 error code series.

MySQL 3023

This error indicates that the master log file does not contain a position value, which is necessary for replication.

MySQL 3022

This error indicates that the number of open temporary tables must be set to 0. It is a warning from MySQL that the number of open temporary tables must be set to 0.

MySQL 3021

This error indicates that the slave channel I/O thread must be stopped before the operation can be executed. It is a MySQL 3021 error.

MySQL 3020

This error occurs when an invalid argument is used for the logarithm function in MySQL. It indicates that the argument is not a valid number or is out of range.

MySQL 3018

This error indicates that MySQL does not support materialized subqueries in full-text searches.

MySQL 1818

This error indicates that the length of the year column is invalid in MySQL 1818. It is a reminder to check the length of the column to ensure it is valid.

MySQL 1817

This error indicates that an InnoDB index is corrupt and needs to be repaired. It is a MySQL 1817 error code and is usually caused by a hardware or software issue.

MySQL 1816

This error occurs when an InnoDB table fails to import. It indicates that the table is corrupted or not in the expected format.

MySQL 1815

This error indicates an internal error in MySQL, such as a programming bug, a memory issue, or a problem with the database server.

MySQL 1814

This error occurs when a tablespace is discarded and cannot be recovered. It indicates that the tablespace is no longer available and must be recreated.

MySQL 1813

This error indicates that a tablespace with the same name already exists in the database. MySQL 1813 is an error code that is triggered when a user attempts to create a tablespace with a name that is already in use.

MySQL 1812

This error indicates that a tablespace is missing from the MySQL server. It is an indication that the server is unable to locate the tablespace and is unable to complete the requested operation.

MySQL 1811

This error occurs when MySQL is unable to write data to a file. It is usually caused by a lack of disk space or insufficient permissions.

MySQL 1810

This error occurs when MySQL is unable to read data from a file or network connection. It is usually caused by a system error or a timeout.

MySQL 1806

This error occurs when a slave SQL thread silently retries a transaction due to a deadlock or lock wait timeout. It is a warning that the slave SQL thread is retrying a transaction.

MySQL 1809

This error occurs when a table is created in a system tablespace, which is not allowed in MySQL 1809.

MySQL 1808

This error occurs when the table schema of the database does not match the expected schema. It is a MySQL 1808 error.

MySQL 1718

This error indicates that a CREATE TABLE...REPLACE SELECT statement is unsafe to be written to the binary log. It is a warning that the statement may cause data inconsistency if replicated.

MySQL 1717

This error indicates that a CREATE IGNORE SELECT statement is unsafe to be written to the binary log. It is a warning that the statement may cause data inconsistency if replicated.

MySQL 1716

This error occurs when a REPLACE SELECT statement is used in a binary log, which is unsafe and can cause data loss.

MySQL 1715

This error occurs when an INSERT, SELECT, or UPDATE statement is used in a statement that is not safe for binary logging.

MySQL 1713

This error indicates that the undo log record size is too large for MySQL to process. It is a warning that the transaction cannot be rolled back and must be manually corrected.

MySQL 1714

This error occurs when an INSERT IGNORE SELECT statement is used in a binary log. It warns that the statement may cause data inconsistency.

MySQL 1712

This error indicates that an index in the MySQL database is corrupted and needs to be repaired.

MySQL 1711

This error indicates that an error was found in the body of an unknown trigger. It is a MySQL 1711 error code.

MySQL 1710

This error indicates that an error occurred in the body of a trigger. It is a MySQL 1710 error code and is usually caused by a syntax error in the trigger's SQL statement.

MySQL 1709

This error occurs when a column in an index is too long for MySQL 1709 to process. It indicates that the column length exceeds the maximum allowed length for an index.

MySQL 1706

This error occurs when attempting to update multiple rows with the same primary key. It indicates that the update could not be completed due to a conflict in the primary key values.

MySQL 1708

This error indicates that a value is below the minimum limit set by MySQL. It is a warning that the value should be increased to meet the minimum requirements.

MySQL 1618

This error occurs when an option is specified that is not supported by the server. It is a warning that the option will be ignored.

MySQL 1617

This error indicates that the master info file is missing or corrupt, preventing the server from connecting to the master server.

MySQL 1613

This error occurs when a transaction has been rolled back due to a timeout. It is a MySQL 1613 error code and indicates that the transaction has been rolled back due to a timeout.

MySQL 1616

This error indicates that the MySQL server does not support the DELAYED keyword for INSERT or REPLACE statements.

MySQL 1614

This error indicates a deadlock between two or more transactions in a distributed (XA) transaction. It occurs when two or more transactions are waiting for each other to release locks.

MySQL 1615

This error indicates that a prepared statement needs to be re-prepared before it can be executed again. It is usually caused by a change in the database structure or data.

MySQL 1612

This error occurs when MySQL is unable to find the log file specified for purging. It indicates that the file does not exist or is inaccessible.

MySQL 1611

This error occurs when a column in a LOAD DATA INFILE statement is not used in the table, resulting in an invalid column error.

MySQL 1608

This error indicates that a table or column was referenced in a query that has never been used before. It is a warning that the query may not be valid and should be checked.

MySQL 1610

This error occurs when a corrupt event is detected in the replication stream on a MySQL slave server. It indicates that the slave is unable to process the event and must be restarted.

MySQL 1609

This error occurs when a FORMAT_DESCRIPTION_EVENT is not found before a BINLOG_STATEMENT_EVENT in a MySQL binary log.

MySQL 1607

This error occurs when a stored routine cannot be created due to insufficient privileges. It is a MySQL 1607 error code and the literal message is "Can't create stored routine".

MySQL 1518

This error occurs when a user attempts to write to the binary log but the server is not configured to use one.

MySQL 1517

This error occurs when attempting to create a partition with the same name as an existing partition in MySQL 1517.

MySQL 1516

This error occurs when a user attempts to reorganize a partition that does not exist. It is a MySQL 1516 error code.

MySQL 1515

This error occurs when attempting to coalesce a partition in MySQL 1515 and there is no partition to coalesce.

MySQL 1514

This error occurs when attempting to add a partition to a table without specifying a new partition. It indicates that the operation was unsuccessful.

MySQL 1512

This error occurs when attempting to use a RANGE or LIST partition type on a column that does not have a constant value. It is a MySQL 1512 error.

MySQL 1513

This error occurs when attempting to add a subpartition to a partitioned table that already has the maximum number of subpartitions.

MySQL 1511

This error occurs when a parameter is missing from a MySQL 1511 reorganization command. It indicates that the command cannot be executed without the missing parameter.

MySQL 1510

This error occurs when attempting to reorganize a hash index on a table with different number of partitions. It indicates that the operation is not supported and must be done on a table with the same number of partitions.

MySQL 1509

This error indicates that the COALESCE function can only be used on HASH partitions in MySQL 1509.

MySQL 1508

This error occurs when attempting to drop the last partition of a table. It indicates that the table must have at least one partition.

MySQL 1506

This error occurs when a foreign key is attempted to be created on a partitioned table. It is a MySQL 1506 error and indicates that foreign keys are not supported on partitioned tables.

MySQL 1416

This error occurs when a geometry object cannot be created in MySQL. It is usually caused by an invalid data type or incorrect syntax.

MySQL 1418

This error occurs when a stored routine is unsafe and cannot be logged in the binary log. It is a warning that the routine may cause data inconsistency.

MySQL 1417

This error occurs when a stored routine fails to break the binary log. It indicates that the routine was unable to execute the necessary commands to break the log.

MySQL 1412

This error indicates that the table definition has changed and the table needs to be re-created. It is a MySQL 1412 error code.

MySQL 1415

This error occurs when a stored procedure is called that does not return a result set. It is a MySQL 1415 error code.

MySQL 1414

This error indicates that a stored procedure argument is not a variable argument. It is a MySQL 1414 error code.

MySQL 1413

This error occurs when a stored procedure handler is declared with the same name as an existing handler. It is a MySQL 1413 error code.

MySQL 1411

This error occurs when an incorrect value is used for a data type. It is a MySQL 1411 error, indicating that the value is not compatible with the data type.

MySQL 1410

This error indicates that a user cannot be created with the GRANT command in MySQL 1410.

MySQL 1409

This error occurs when attempting to load data from fixed-size rows into a variable-sized column. It indicates that the data is incompatible and cannot be loaded.

MySQL 1408

This error occurs when MySQL fails to start up. It indicates that the server was unable to start due to an error in the configuration file or an incorrect startup option.

MySQL 1406

This error occurs when data entered into a column exceeds the maximum length allowed. It is a MySQL 1406 error, specifically ER_DATA_TOO_LONG.

MySQL 1316

This error indicates that the UPDATE_LOG() function is deprecated and has been translated to a statement that uses the general log table.

MySQL 1314

This error occurs when an invalid statement is used in a stored procedure. It indicates that the syntax of the statement is incorrect and cannot be executed.

MySQL 1315

This error indicates that an update log is deprecated and will be ignored. It is a warning from MySQL 1315 that the update log is no longer supported and should not be used.

MySQL 1313

This error occurs when a stored procedure returns a value that is not valid. It is a MySQL 1313 error code and the literal message is "A RETURN statement with a return value was encountered in the procedure, but no RETURN statement was found."

MySQL 1312

This error occurs when an invalid SELECT statement is used in a stored procedure. It indicates that the SELECT statement is not valid and must be corrected before the procedure can be executed.

MySQL 1311

This error occurs when a stored procedure is called with an uninitialized variable. It is a MySQL 1311 error, indicating that the variable must be initialized before the procedure can be executed.

MySQL 1310

This error occurs when the labels of a stored procedure do not match the parameters. It is a MySQL 1310 error and indicates that the stored procedure is not properly defined.

MySQL 1309

This error occurs when a label is redefined in a stored procedure. It indicates that the label has already been used and cannot be reused.

MySQL 1308

This error occurs when the label of a stored procedure does not match the expected label. It is a MySQL 1308 error and indicates that the stored procedure is not valid.

MySQL 1307

This error occurs when a stored procedure fails to store in the MySQL database. It indicates that the procedure could not be created, altered, or dropped due to an error.

MySQL 1306

This error occurs when a stored procedure fails to be dropped from the MySQL database. It indicates that the DROP command was unsuccessful.

MySQL 1305

This error indicates that a stored procedure does not exist in the MySQL database. It is a MySQL 1305 error code and is usually caused by an incorrect name or syntax when calling the stored procedure.

MySQL 1217

This error occurs when a row cannot be deleted or updated due to it being referenced by another row.

MySQL 1215

This error occurs when a foreign key constraint fails to be added to a table. It indicates that the foreign key definition does not match the referenced table and column.

MySQL 1216

This error occurs when a foreign key constraint fails and a referenced row cannot be found in the referenced table.

MySQL 1214

This error indicates that a full-text index cannot be used on a table because the table type does not support full-text indexes.

MySQL 1213

This error indicates a deadlock situation in MySQL 1213, where two or more transactions are waiting for each other to finish before they can proceed.

MySQL 1211

This error indicates that the user does not have the necessary privileges to create a new user in the MySQL database.

MySQL 1210

This error occurs when the wrong number of arguments are passed to a MySQL function. It is a general error code that indicates a syntax issue.

MySQL 1209

This error occurs when attempting to create a database while a read lock is active. It indicates that the database cannot be created until the read lock is released.

MySQL 1208

This error occurs when attempting to drop a database while a read lock is active. It indicates that the database cannot be dropped until the read lock is released.

MySQL 1207

This error occurs when a user attempts to modify data in a read-only transaction. It indicates that the transaction cannot be completed and must be rolled back.

MySQL 1205

This error indicates that a lock wait timeout has occurred and the transaction has been rolled back. It is a general error code that can be caused by a variety of issues, such as deadlocks or lock contention.

MySQL 1206

This error occurs when the maximum number of locks has been reached in a MySQL table. It indicates that the table is full and no more locks can be acquired.

MySQL 1115

This error occurs when MySQL is unable to recognize a character set specified in a query. It is usually caused by an incorrect character set name or a missing character set definition.

MySQL 1116

This error indicates that the maximum number of tables allowed in the database has been exceeded. It is a MySQL 1116 error, specifically ER_TOO_MANY_TABLES.

MySQL 1112

This error indicates that an unsupported extension is being used in the MySQL server. It is a warning that the extension may not be compatible with the current version of MySQL.

MySQL 1114

This error indicates that the record file is full and cannot be written to. It is a MySQL 1114 error code and is usually caused by a lack of disk space.

MySQL 1113

This error indicates that a table must have at least one column in order to be created. MySQL 1113 is an error code that is triggered when a CREATE TABLE statement is executed without any columns specified.

MySQL 1111

This error occurs when an invalid use of a group function is attempted in a query. It is a MySQL 1111 error code and the literal message is "Invalid use of group function".

MySQL 1110

This error occurs when a field is specified twice in a query. It is a MySQL 1110 error, indicating that the query is invalid and must be corrected before it can be executed.

MySQL 1109

This error occurs when a table is referenced that does not exist in the database. It is a MySQL 1109 error, specifically ER_UNKNOWN_TABLE.

MySQL 1103

This error indicates that the table name specified does not exist in the database. It is a MySQL 1103 error code, and the literal message is "Table '%s' doesn't exist".

MySQL 1108

This error indicates that the wrong parameters were passed to a stored procedure in MySQL. It is a warning that the procedure may not execute as expected.

MySQL 1107

This error occurs when the number of parameters passed to a stored procedure does not match the expected number. MySQL 1107 is an indication that the procedure call is invalid.

MySQL 1106

This error indicates that a procedure referenced in a query does not exist in the database. MySQL 1106ER_UNKNOWN_PROCEDURE is an error code that is triggered when a procedure is called that does not exist.

MySQL 1013

This error occurs when MySQL is unable to retrieve the status information from the server. It is usually caused by a connection issue or an incorrect query.

MySQL 1016

This error occurs when MySQL is unable to open a file. It indicates that the file does not exist, is not accessible, or is corrupted.

MySQL 1015

This error occurs when MySQL is unable to acquire a lock on a table or database. It is usually caused by a conflicting lock request from another user or process.

MySQL 1012

This error indicates that MySQL cannot find a system record in the database. It is usually caused by a missing or corrupted system table.

MySQL 1014

This error occurs when MySQL is unable to access the working directory. It is usually caused by incorrect permissions or a missing directory.

MySQL 1011

This error indicates that MySQL was unable to delete a file. It is usually caused by a lack of permissions or a file being locked by another process.

MySQL 1010

This error occurs when a database cannot be dropped because a directory or file in the database directory cannot be removed.

MySQL 1009

This error occurs when a database is dropped and the DROP statement is followed by a DELETE statement. It indicates that the DROP statement must be the last statement in the query.

MySQL 1008

This error occurs when a user attempts to drop a database that already exists. MySQL 1008 indicates that the database cannot be dropped because it already exists.

MySQL 1006

This error occurs when MySQL is unable to create a database due to insufficient privileges or an existing database with the same name.

MySQL 1007

This error occurs when a user attempts to create a database that already exists. MySQL 1007 indicates that the database already exists and cannot be created again.

MySQL 1004

This error occurs when MySQL is unable to create a file. It is usually caused by insufficient permissions or disk space.

PostgreSQL F0001

LOCK FILE EXISTS - A lock file exists, preventing the database from being accessed. This could be due to a crashed server or an active transaction.

PostgreSQL 57P03

The error message indicates that the connection to the database server has failed. This could be due to a network issue, server being down, or incorrect credentials.

PostgreSQL XX002

Error message indicates that the index of a database table is corrupted and needs to be repaired. This error can cause data loss and should be addressed immediately.

PostgreSQL XX001

DATA CORRUPTED error indicates that the data stored in the database is corrupted and cannot be accessed.

PostgreSQL XX000

This is an internal error code indicating an unexpected condition that prevented the successful execution of a SQL statement. The literal message associated with this code is unexpected internal error.

PostgreSQL 58P02

Duplicate file - A duplicate file was found in the PostgreSQL database, indicating that the same file exists in multiple locations. This can cause data integrity issues and should be resolved.

PostgreSQL 57P01

Could not connect to the server: server shut down: Error message indicating the server has been shut down and cannot accept any new connections.

PostgreSQL F0000

The error is a configuration file error, indicating that the configuration file is not valid or could not be read. It is an indication that the PostgreSQL server cannot start due to an invalid configuration.

PostgreSQL 58P01

UNDEFINED FILE: Error indicating a file referenced in a statement does not exist. Indicates a problem with the SQL statement or the file system.

PostgreSQL 58030

PostgreSQL 58030 is an error code indicating a connection failure. The literal message is could not receive data from server: Connection timed out.

PostgreSQL 57P02

Database server has been shut down due to crash. Error message: FATAL: the database system is in recovery mode.

PostgreSQL 57000

Operator intervention required. Indicates an issue that requires manual intervention to resolve, such as a server crash or a configuration issue.

PostgreSQL 25008

PostgreSQL error 25008: HELD CURSOR requires same isolation level - Cursor must use same isolation level as the transaction it belongs to.

PostgreSQL 25001

ACTIVE SQL TRANSACTION: A transaction is still active and must be committed or rolled back before a new transaction can be started.

PostgreSQL 25002

Error code 25002: BRANCH TRANSACTION ALREADY ACTIVE - PostgreSQL is unable to start a new transaction because one is already active in the same branch. This error can be resolved by committing or rolling back the existing transaction.

PostgreSQL 25000

PostgreSQL error 25000: INVALID TRANSACTION STATE indicates an invalid transaction state, usually caused by an invalid SQL statement or an unexpected database state.

PostgreSQL 24000

PostgreSQL 24000 error indicates an invalid cursor state, meaning the cursor is not in a valid state to perform the requested operation. This can occur when a cursor is used after it has been closed or when an operation is attempted on a cursor that has not been opened.

PostgreSQL 23514

Check constraint is violated - A check constraint is violated when a value entered into a column does not meet the criteria set by the constraint. This error indicates that the value entered does not meet the criteria set by the constraint.

PostgreSQL 23505

PostgreSQL 23505 error is a unique violation, meaning a value being inserted or updated violates a unique constraint. The literal message is duplicate key value violates unique constraint.

PostgreSQL 23503

The error is a foreign key violation, meaning a referenced row does not exist in the referenced table. This error is usually caused by an INSERT or UPDATE statement that references a non-existent row.

PostgreSQL 23502

NOT NULL VIOLATION - occurs when a column with a NOT NULL constraint is assigned a NULL value.

PostgreSQL 22P01

FLOATING POINT EXCEPTION - Invalid input syntax for type numeric: null or NaN is not allowed.

PostgreSQL 23001

PostgreSQL 23001 error: RESTRICT VIOLATION - occurs when an attempted data modification violates a restriction set by the database. This error is usually caused by a foreign key constraint violation.

PostgreSQL 23000

PostgreSQL 23000: INTEGRITY CONSTRAINT VIOLATION - an error indicating that a database operation has violated a database constraint, preventing the operation from completing successfully.

PostgreSQL 25008

PostgreSQL error 25008: HELD CURSOR requires same isolation level - Cursor must use same isolation level as the transaction it belongs to.

PostgreSQL 25001

ACTIVE SQL TRANSACTION: A transaction is still active and must be committed or rolled back before a new transaction can be started.

PostgreSQL 25002

Error code 25002: BRANCH TRANSACTION ALREADY ACTIVE - PostgreSQL is unable to start a new transaction because one is already active in the same branch. This error can be resolved by committing or rolling back the existing transaction.

PostgreSQL 25000

PostgreSQL error 25000: INVALID TRANSACTION STATE indicates an invalid transaction state, usually caused by an invalid SQL statement or an unexpected database state.

PostgreSQL 24000

PostgreSQL 24000 error indicates an invalid cursor state, meaning the cursor is not in a valid state to perform the requested operation. This can occur when a cursor is used after it has been closed or when an operation is attempted on a cursor that has not been opened.

PostgreSQL 23514

Check constraint is violated - A check constraint is violated when a value entered into a column does not meet the criteria set by the constraint. This error indicates that the value entered does not meet the criteria set by the constraint.

PostgreSQL 23505

PostgreSQL 23505 error is a unique violation, meaning a value being inserted or updated violates a unique constraint. The literal message is duplicate key value violates unique constraint.

PostgreSQL 23503

The error is a foreign key violation, meaning a referenced row does not exist in the referenced table. This error is usually caused by an INSERT or UPDATE statement that references a non-existent row.

PostgreSQL 23502

NOT NULL VIOLATION - occurs when a column with a NOT NULL constraint is assigned a NULL value.

PostgreSQL 22P01

FLOATING POINT EXCEPTION - Invalid input syntax for type numeric: null or NaN is not allowed.

PostgreSQL 23001

PostgreSQL 23001 error: RESTRICT VIOLATION - occurs when an attempted data modification violates a restriction set by the database. This error is usually caused by a foreign key constraint violation.

PostgreSQL 23000

PostgreSQL 23000: INTEGRITY CONSTRAINT VIOLATION - an error indicating that a database operation has violated a database constraint, preventing the operation from completing successfully.

Glossary

1NF (First Normal Form)

1NF (First Normal Form) is a fundamental condition in database normalization that requires each table in a database to have its data organized in such a way that:- Each cell contains only atomic (indivisible) values, meaning that there are no repeating groups or arrays within cells.- Each column contains values of a single type.- Each column is unique, meaning no two columns can have the same set of values.- The order in which data is stored does not affect its integrity.This ensures the elimination of redundant data and improves the relational database's structure.

2NF (Second Normal Form)

2NF (Second Normal Form) is a database normalization technique that eliminates partial dependencies by ensuring that every non-prime attribute in a table is fully functionally dependent on the primary key. This means that each column in a table must depend on the primary key, and not on any other non-prime attribute. By organizing data in this way, 2NF reduces data redundancy and improves data integrity in a relational database.

3NF (Third Normal Form)

Third Normal Form (3NF) is a database normalization technique that aims to reduce data redundancy and improve data integrity by ensuring that no non-prime attribute is transitively dependent on the primary key. In simpler terms, 3NF requires that a table is in 2NF and that all non-key attributes are dependent only on the primary key, not on any other non-key attributes. This helps to streamline data storage and maintain consistency in the database.

ACID (atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability)

ACID is an acronym that stands for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability. It is a set of properties that guarantee that database transactions are processed reliably. Atomicity ensures that all operations within a transaction are completed successfully or not at all. Consistency ensures that the database remains in a valid state before and after the transaction. Isolation ensures that transactions are executed independently of each other. Durability ensures that once a transaction is committed, its changes are permanently saved even in the event of system failure.

API (Application Programming Interface)

An API (Application Programming Interface) is a set of rules, protocols, and tools for building software and applications. It specifies how software components should interact, allowing different programs to communicate with each other. APIs are used to enable the integration of new features, data sharing, and connectivity between applications, systems, or devices, facilitating the development of complex software solutions. They can be tailored for web-based services, operating systems, databases, hardware interactions, or among others, significantly enhancing functionality and user experience.

ARIES

ARIES is a recovery algorithm used in database management to ensure that transactions are properly logged and can be recovered in the event of a system failure. It uses a combination of write-ahead logging and a redo mechanism to maintain the consistency and durability of the database. ARIES is crucial for maintaining the ACID properties of a database system (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) by allowing for the recovery of transactions to a consistent state after a crash.

Aggregate Function

An aggregate function is a function in a database management system that performs a calculation on a set of values and returns a single value as a result. Common aggregate functions include SUM, AVG, COUNT, MIN, and MAX. These functions are often used in SQL queries to summarize data across multiple rows or groups of rows in a table. Aggregate functions are essential for performing data analysis and reporting tasks in databases.

B-tree Index

A B-tree index is a type of data structure used in databases and file systems to facilitate quick data retrieval and efficient storage. It organizes data hierarchically in a balanced tree structure, allowing for efficient searching, insertion, and deletion operations. Each node in a B-tree contains multiple keys and child pointers, ensuring that the tree remains balanced by keeping the number of children for each node within a specified range. This balance enables predictable and efficient access times, even for large datasets.

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